The Acts of God
by Francis Foulkes ©

FOOTNOTES

  1. Between the time of the delivery of this lecture and its publication an important re-assessment of the validity of typological interpretation has been made by Professor G. W. H. Lampe and Mr. K. J. Woolicombe in Essays on Typology, 1957. Only the decision that this monograph should stand substantially as the lecture was delivered prevents reference to a number of the arguments of their work.
  2. Indeed, among those who give greatest place to the typological study of the Old Testament there is still a danger of the confusion of typology and allegory. See P. K. Jewett, Concerning the Allegorical Interpretation of Scripture in the Westminster Theological Journal (Philadelphia), Vol. XVII, 1954, pp. 1-20.
  3. See Nu. xxiii. 19; 1 Sa. xv. 29; Mal. iii. 6.
  4. 2 See Nu. xxxv. 34; Dt. xi. 12.
  5. See Jos. i. 5; 1 Ki. xi. 38 ; 2 Ki. ii. 14ff.
  6. See Ex. xx. 6; Dt. vii. 9; Mi. vii. 20.
  7. See Ps. xc. 1-4; Ps. cii. 12, 26f.
  8. See Is. xliv. 6.
  9. See Gn. xxvi. 24, xxviii. 13.
  10. See Ex. iii. 6. 16; 1 Ki. xviii. 36; 1 Ch. xxix. 18; 2 Ch. xxx. 6. Cf. also references to the God of Jacob (Ps. xlvi. 7), or the God of Bethel (Gn. xxxi. 13).
  11. See Is. xxix. 22, and li. 2.
  12. Gn. xxxv. 12, 1. 24; Ex. vi. 8, xxxii. 13, xxxiii. 1; Dt. i. 8, vi. 10.
  13. Gn. xii. 2-3.
  14. Ga. xii. 7.
  15. Gn. xxii. 17-18.
  16. See Ex. xxix. 46; Lv. xi. 45, xix. 36, xxii. 33, xxv. 38; Nu. xv. 41; Dn. ix. 15; Am. ii. 10, iii. I. It was the greatest deception possible to ascribe the Exodus to other gods. See Ex. xxxii. 4; 1 Ki. xii. 28.
  17. See 2 Sa. vii. 1.
  18. See 2 Sa. vii. 13ff.; 1 Ki. xi. 12, 34; 2 Ch. xxi. 7; Is. xxxvii. 35; Je. xxxiii. 17, 20f.
  19. Dt. vii. 18f., xx. 1ff.
  20. See Dt. ii. 7, viii. 2ff., 15f., xxix. 3ff., xxxii. 8ff.
  21. See Ps. lxxviii. 52, cxiv. 8; Is. iv. 6.
  22. See Dt. iii. 2f., 21, xxxi. 4.
  23. See Ps. lxxxiii. 9, 11.
  24. See Ps. lxxviii, lxxx, cxiv, cxxxv, cxxxvi, cxlv, cxlvi.
  25. See I Sa. xvii. 35ff.
  26. See Is. xxviii. 2. In some cases the reference is to the waters of the Nile (Je. xlvi. 7f. and cf. Am. viii. 8, ix. 5) and in others it is uncertain. In Ps. xviii. 6-16 features of the description of the Deluge and the theophany at the Exodus seem to be combined. In Ps. xxix. 10, however, the Psalmist expresses his confidence that everything in history is under the control of Yahweh, and he makes explicit reference to the Deluge, and this is the only use of the Hebrew word mabbul other than in the Genesis narrative.
  27. Dt. xxix. 23; Am. iv. 11.
  28. Is. xiii. 19; Je. 1. 40.
  29. Is. i. 9; Je. xxiii. 14; Ezk. xvi. 46ff.
  30. See Dt. vii. 15, xxviii. 27, 60; also Am. iv. 10 where a repetition of such judgment is said to have taken place.
  31. Lv. xviii. 28; Dt. viii. 19f.; cf. 2 Ki. xxi. 2, 9, 12ff. and 1 Ch. v. 25f. where it is said that the abominations of Israel were like those of the Canaanites before them, and consequently they were in the same way under Gods judgment.
  32. Dt. iv. 3f.
  33. Je. vii. 12ff., xxvi. 6, 9.
  34. 2 Ki. ix. 9.
  35. For similar warning of future judgment being like specific judgments of the past, see Is. x. 26, and cf. 1 Sa. vi. 6.
  36. See 2 Ki. xvii. 4; 2 Ch. xvi. 7ff.; Is. xxx. 1ff., xxxi. 1ff.; Je. ii. 18. 36; Ho. v. 13, vii. 11.
  37. See 1 Ki. xi. 32-33; Am. v. 26f.
  38. For the sequence of unfaithfulness and judgment see the formula in 1 Ki. xiv. 21ff., xv. 3ff., 26ff., xvi. 18f., etc.
  39. Rom. xi. 29.
  40. See Jdg. ii. 11-23, iii. 7-11, 12-30, iv v, vi vii, viii. 33 ix, x. 6 xii. 7, xiii xvi. Cf. also I Sa. vii. 2f., xii; 2 Ki. xiii. 2ff.; 2 Ch. xii, xv, xxxiii. 1-13.
  41. Dt. iv. 31, viii. 18, ix. 5; 1 Ki. viii. 23f.; 1 Ch. xvi. 15ff.; 2 Ch. xxi. 7.
  42. Lv. xxvi. 3-13 ; Dt. vii. 12-26, xi. 13-15, 22-25, xxviii. 1-14, xxx. 20.
  43. Dt. iv. 30f., xxx. 1-10; 1 Ki. viii. 30ff.
  44. Lv. xxvi. 14-35; Dt. iv. 25-28, xi. 16f., 28, xxviii. 15-68; 1 Ki. ix. 6-9; Je. xi. 1ff.
  45. Ezk. xvii. 19.
  46. See Je. vii. 25f., xxv. 3ff., xxvi. 5, xliv. 4; also 1 Sa. viii. 8.
  47. 2 Ki. xiv. 3, xvi. 2, xviii. 3, xxii. 2, etc.
  48. 2 Ki. viii. 18, 27, x. 31, xiii. 2, 6, 11, xiv. 24, xv. 9, 18, 24, 28, etc.
  49. Ps. lxxiii. 3ff.; Je. xii. lff. ; Hab. i. 8 ; and cf. Jb. xii. 6, xxi. 7ff.
  50. See J. Marsh, The Fulness of Time, 1952, pp. 54f.
  51. This is well illustrated in Jeremiah. He brought to the people of his day a message of judgment and doom (e.g. iv. 6-7, 11-18, vi. 1-7) ; but he still exhorted them to repent and put away their iniquity, that they might be saved from ruin and desolation (iv. 1-2, 14, vi. 8, vii. 1-7).
  52. Ex. xxxii. 13 ; cf. 2 Sa. vii. 28f.
  53. Ps. lxxiv. 2.
  54. See esp. Pss. ix, xliv, xlviii, lxviii, lxxiv, lxxvii, lxxx, lxxxiii.
  55. See Ps. lxxxi. 8ff.
  56. See 1 Ki. viii. 9, 21.
  57. Dt. v. 6; cf. Dt. vi. 20ff., vii. 11ff.
  58. See Lv. xix. 34, xxv. 38 ; Dt. x. 19, xxiv. 18, 22.
  59. Lv. xxii. 32f. ; cf. Nu. xv. 41; Dt. v. 15.
  60. Ps. i. 2; cf. Jos. i. 8.
  61. See Gn. xxviii. 19; Jos. v. 9, vii. 26; 1 Sa. vii. 12; 2 Sa. vi. 8.
  62. See Jos. iv. 4ff., vii. 25f., viii. 29; 1 Sa. vi. 18.
  63. e.g. see Nu. xvi. 40; Jos. x. 27, xxii. 24ff.; 1 Ki. viii. 9; 2 Ch. v. 10; Is. viii. 1ff., xxx. 8.
  64. See J. Marsh, The Fulness of Time, pp. 40f.
  65. See J. Pedersen, Israel, 1926, III-IV, pp. 384ff., and G. B. Gray, Sacrifice in the Old Testament, 1925, chs. 21-24.
  66. Ex. iii. 18, viii. 28, and see J. Pedersen, op. cit., III-IV, pp. 398ff.
  67. Ex. xii. 1 xiii. 10, xxiii. 15, xxxiv. 18f.
  68. See especially the record of these in 2 Ch. xxx. 1ff., and xxxv. 1ff. See also Ezr. vi. 19-22 for the celebration of the Passover after the return from the Exile.
  69. J. Pedersen, op. cit., III-IV, p. 85.
  70. Ibid., p. 401.
  71. Ibid., p. 502.
  72. Dt. xvi. 12.
  73. Lv. xxv. 42, 55.
  74. Ex. xii. 12f., xiii. 11ff.; Nu. iii. 11-13, viii. 17f.; Dt. xxvi. 1ff.
  75. See Lv. xxiii. 43 ; Dt. xvi. 13-17; Ne. viii. 13ff.
  76. Est. ix. 26ff.
  77. See Nu. xxxiii; Dt. i. 19ff., xxix. 2ff., xxxii. 7ff., xxxiii; Jos. xxiii-xxiv; Jdg. v. 4ff.; 1 Sa. xii; 2 Sa. xxii; I Ch. xvi. 8, 12, 15ff.; 2 Ch. xx. 6ff.; Ne. ix. 6ff.; Mi. vi. 3ff.; Hab. iii. In the Song of Deborah we have reference to a custom that may well have gone back a very long way: ...in the places of drawing water, there shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the Lord... (Jdg. v. 11).
  78. Dt. iv. 9f., xi. 19.
  79. Ex. xiii. 8, 14f.; Dt. vi. 20ff.
  80. Jos. iv. 6f., 21f.
  81. Ps. xliv. 1.
  82. See Pss. xliv; xxxiv ; lxxvii ; lxxviii ; lxxx, etc.
  83. See Dt. v. 15, vii. 18, viii. 2ff., xvi. 3, xxiv. 9, xxv. 17ff., xxix. 2ff., xxxii. 7ff.
  84. See Ps. lxxviii. 1-11.
  85. See E. Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption, 1947, pp. 148f. Cf. A. Richardson, Christian Apologetics, 1947, p. 188.
  86. 'Toute l'oeuvre des Prophètes, qui est la charnière de 1'Ancien Testament, repose sur un double mouvement. Elle rappelle les grandes oeuvres de Dieu dans le passé; mais elle ne les rappelle que pour fonder la foi daps ses grandes oeuvres à venir. Elle est a la fois indissolublement mémorial et prophétie.' (J. Daniélou, Sacramentum Futuri, 1950, p. 4).
  87. Ho. viii. 13f., cf. vii. 16, ix 3, 6, xi. 1, 5, 11; cf. Dt. xxviii. 68.
  88. Ho. ii. 14f., cf. xi. 1 and xii. 9.
  89. Je. xxiii. 7f., and cf. xvi. 14f.
  90. Is. li. 10f.; cf. Is. xi. 15.
  91. Is. xliii. 17.
  92. Is. Iii. 3f.
  93. Is. Iii. 12.
  94. Is. xl. 3.
  95. Is. xliii. 19f., cf. xli. 18f., and xxxv.
  96. Is. xlviii. 21
  97. Is. xlix. 10.
  98. This is what Bultmann calls the eschatologizing of typology. (R. Bultmann, Ursprung and Sinn der Typologie als hermeneutiseher Methode.)
  99. P. Fairbairn, The Typology of .Scripture, 1953 reprint, Pt. I, p. 74.
  100. See Am. v. 18-20.
  101. P. Fairbairn, op. cit. Pt. 1, p. 73. He says further: In giving promise of the better things to come, prophecy to a large extent availed itself of the characters and events of history. But it could only do so on the twofold ground, that it perceived in them essentially the same elements of truth and principle which were to appear in the future; and in that failure anticipated a noble exhibit of them that had been given in the past.
  102. 2 Sa. vii; 1 Ch. xvii.
  103. 2 Sa. vii. 16; 1 Ki. xi. 12, 34ff.; 2 Ki. xix. 34, xx. 6; 2 Ch. xxi. 7; Ps. lxxxix. 3-4, cxxxii. 11; Je. xxxiii. 17, 20f.
  104. Ps. cxxxii. 12; Je. xxii. 4, 30.
  105. See p. 14 above.
  106. See Je. xxiii. 5ff., xxx. 9, xxxiii. 14ff.; Ezk. xxxiv. 23f., xxxvii. 24f.
  107. See R. V. G. Tasker, The Old Testament in the New Testament (2nd edition), 1954, p. 111.
  108. See esp. Jn. i. 21 and vi. 14, vii. 40.
  109. The terms of the description are such that it may be reasonably understood as including a reference to the ideal prophet, who should be like Moses in a pre-eminent degree, in whom the line of individual prophets should culminate, and who should exhibit the characteristics of the prophet in their fullest perfection. S. R. Driver, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy, 1895, p. 229. Cf. H. L. Ellison, The Centrality of the Messianic Idea for the Old Testament, 1953, p. 18, [Now available on-line at: http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_messiah_ellison.html] where also the suggestion is adopted that the Servant of Is. xlix. 1-9 is presented as a new Moses.
  110. See H. St. John Thackery, The Septuagint and Jewish Worship, 1923, pp. 43ff.
  111. Ibid, pp. 64, 76f.
  112. See Lk. ii. 38.
  113. See Ho. vii. 16, ix. 3, xi. 5, 11.
  114. See Ezk. xix. 4, xx, xxiii and especially xxix.
  115. See G. Dalman, Jesus-Jeshua (English trans.), 1929, p. 124.
  116. 1 Sa. iv. 20ff.
  117. See Ezk. ix. 3, x. 4f., 18f., xi. 22f.
  118. Hg. ii. 1-9.
  119. Ezk. xliii. lff.
  120. Ezk. xlviii. 35.
  121. e.g. see Ps. xi. 4; Is. lvii. 15a.
  122. Is. vi. 3 (Sir G. A. Smiths translation). See W. J. Phythian Adams, The People and the Presence, 1942, p. 51.
  123. Joel ii. 28ff., and Ezk. xxxvii. 9ff.
  124. Je. xxxi. 31ff.
  125. Ezk. xxxvii. 20.
  126. e.g. under Hezekiah (2 Ch. xxix), under Josiah (2 Ki. xxiii), and later under Nehemiah (Ne. ix x).
  127. Cf. Is. Ixi. 8 and Ezk. xxxvii. 26.
  128. Je. xxxi. 33f.
  129. See Is. lxv. 17ff.; cf. Is. Ixvi. 22.
  130. See Is. xi. Iff., lxv. 23ff.; Je. xxxi. 27f.; Ezk. xxxiv. 25ff., xxxvi. 35.
  131. Ezk. xxxvi. 35.
  132. Ezk. xxxvi. 26.
  133. Ezk. xxxvii. 11-14.
  134. See P. Fairbairn, op. cit. Pt. I, p. 74, and also the conclusions of H.H. Rowley on the person of the Servant in The Servant of the Lord, 1952, pp. 49ff.
  135. R. V. G. Tasker, op. cit., p. 12. Cf. J. Marsh, The Fulness of Time, p. 15.
  136. A. Richardson, Christian Apologetics, 1947, p. 189: Typological interpretation of the biblical history is based upon the actual course of that history, as recorded and interpreted by the prophetic and apostolic witness; it grows, as it were, out of the history itself and is not imposed upon history by the reading into it of fanciful meanings of our own.
  137. Cf. M. J. Lagrange, Saint Paul, Epitre aux Galates, 1942, p. 123.
  138. J. Marsh in Biblical Authority for To-day, 1951, pp. 186f.
  139. Exegetical, in the sense of explanatory of words rather than interpretative of context; but in a stricter sense such allegory has been called eisegesis. See H. E. W. Turner, The Pattern of Christian Truth, 1954, p. 186.
  140. See J. Massie on Allegory in Hastings Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. I, p. 64. B. F. Westcott, The Epistle to the Hebrews, 1892, p. 200. G. Florovsky in Biblical Authority for Today, pp. 175f. A. Richardson, Christian Apologetics, p. 190.
  141. See Tertullian Bapt. 8f.; Cyprian Ep. 63. 8.
  142. See Justin Dial. 86. 6, 138. 2f., Tertullian Jud. 13, Origen, Hom. vii. 3 in Ex.
  143. Gal. iv. 24.
  144. See P. K. Jewett in Concerning the Allegorical Interpretation of Scripture, in the Westminster Theological Journal (Philadelphia) Vol. XVII, 1954; pp. 18-20.
  145. Heb. vii. 3.
  146. See A. G. Hebert, The Throne of David, 1941, p. 203, and R. V. G. Tasker, op. cit., p. 112.
  147. Rom. xv. 4; cf. 1 Cor. x. 11 and see J. K. Mozley on 1 Cor. x. 6-11 in A New Commentary on Holy Scripture (edit. Gore), 1928, p. 501, and C. H. Dodd in Biblical Authority for To-day, p. 159.
  148. Heb. i. 1.
  149. See A. Richardson, Christian Apologetics, pp. 189f. C. H. Dodd, According to the Scriptures, 1952, pp. 128f.
  150. See H. Cunliffe Jones, The Authority of the Biblical Revelation, 1945, chapter 5.
  151. Heb. xiii. 8.